Chapter 5
TRAFFIC LAWS IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Driving Is a Privilege, Not a Right!

A driver should learn all of the laws that pertain to obtaining and keeping a driver’s license. Driving has been viewed by the state to be a privilege, granted and revocable at any time. It is a common misconception that driving in California is your "right." In reality, it is a privilege to drive in this state. The Department of Motor Vehicles has been empowered to oversee all licensing of motor vehicles. They control applications, suspensions, revocations, and probations of licenses. You must have a driver's license issued by the California Department of Motor Vehicles to drive on any public road, street, highway or property, and the license must be correct for the class of vehicle driven.

The following are some of the more applicable laws:

A. New residents of California have 10 days after establishing permanent residency to apply for a driver’s license. A person must relinquish his or her current out-of-state driver’s license prior to receiving a California license. You can establish residency by doing any of the following:

• voting in a California election
• paying resident tuition at a public institution of higher education
• filing for a homeowner's property tax exemption
• obtaining any state license
• or any other privilege or benefit not ordinarily extended to nonresidents

B. A driver’s license typically expires five years from the date of issue on the driver’s birthday. C. The Department of Motor Vehicles must be notified within 10 days of a change in a driver's address. D. A “Class A” license allows a driver to operate any type of vehicle or legal combination of vehicles listed under “B” and “C." You may tow any single vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of more than 10,000 pounds. You may tow any trailer bus, with an endorsement. You may tow more than one vehicle with an endorsement. A "Class A Noncommercial" license allows the holder to operate any vehicle listed under Class C. - You may tow travel trailers with a GVWR over 10,000 pounds. - You may tow a fifth-wheel travel trailer with a GVWR over 15,000 pounds when the trailer is not used for hire or pay. A "Class A Fire Fighter" license allows the holder to operate only Class A and Class B defined combination fire fighting vehicles, and all vehicles listed under Class C.

E. A “Class B” License allows a driver to operate:

• any single vehicle with a GVWR of more than 26,000 pounds
• a three-axle vehicle with a gross weight over 6,000 pounds
• any bus, except a trailer bus (with an endorsement)
• any farm labor vehicle (with an endorsement)
• all vehicles listed under Class C.
• you may tow a single vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.

1. A "Class B Noncommercial" license allows the holder to operate any vehicle listed under Class C.

• The holder may also operate a housecar over 40 feet but not over 45 feet with an endorsement.
• You may tow any vehicle listed under Class C.

2. A "Class B Fire Fighter" license allows the holder to operate only a Class B defined single fire fighting vehicle, and all vehicles listed under Class C.

F. A “Class C” license is issued to any driver who wishes to operate a basic automobile. The holder of a "Class C" license can operate:

• any two-axle vehicle with a GVWR of 26,000 pounds or less.
• any three-axle vehicle with a gross vehicle weight less than 6,000 pounds.
• any housecar.
• a vanpool vehicle, made to carry more than 10 but less than 15 passengers including the driver.

With a "Class C" license you may tow:

• a single vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.
• a boat trailer provided the gross combination weight rating does not exceed 26,000 pounds, and an oversize permit is not needed.

With a vehicle that weighs at least 4,000 pounds, you may tow a:

• fifth-wheel travel trailer or trailer coach with a GVWR under 10,000 pounds.
• fifth-wheel travel trailer between 10,000 and 15,000 pounds with an endorsement.

With a "Class C" license you may not tow more than one vehicle.

G. A “Class M1” license entitles the operator to ride any two-wheeled motorcycle or any motor-driven cycle, and a “Class M2” license, any motorized bicycle or moped. “Class M” licenses vary according to the power of the motorcycle's engine, measured by its cubic centimeters. “Class M” licenses are considered endorsements, which require the driver to have a “Class C” license as well.

H. A driver must be 16 years old to receive a permanent driver’s license.

Instruction Permit

The minimum age for issuance of an instruction permit is 15 years, 6 months.

The Department of Motor Vehicles may issue an instruction permit to any physically and mentally qualified person who meets the following requirements:

• The applicant is age 15 years and 6 months or older;
• has successfully completed an approved course in automobile driver education;
• is taking driver training or is enrolled and participating in an integrated driver education program

Applying For a California Driver License

When applying for a California Driver License, you will need to show acceptable proof of date of birth, true full name, and social security number. You will also have to sign a declaration that acknowledges that you understand you may be charged with murder if someone dies because you were driving under the influence. (When you renew, you will also be required to sign this declaration.) During the application process you will have your thumbprint and picture taken. All documents used for proof of birth date or name must be originals or certified copies of the original and contain an impressed seal or an original stamped impression. A copy of a certified copy will not be accepted by the DMV. The following is a list of documents that the DMV will accept as proof of birth date or legal presence:

• U.S. Birth Certificate
• U.S. Certificate or Report of Birth Abroad 
• Proof of Indian Blood Degree
• U.S. Passport
• U.S. Armed Forces ID Card
• Certificate of Naturalization
• Certificate of Citizenship
• Resident Alien Card
• Foreign Passport
• Mexican Border Passing Card with valid I-94

Your social security number will be checked and verified with the U.S. Social Security Administration. Your license will not be issued until your identity has been verified, you have paid all the applicable fees, passed a written test, driving test and vision screening, you have shown that your physical and mental capabilities allow you to operate a motor vehicle safely, and you have no outstanding actions on your driving record. You can apply for a California Driver License at most Department of Motor Vehicles offices.

The following people do not need a California license:

• Members of the Armed Forces or civilian employees of the U.S. Government who operate only government-owned vehicles on federal government business.
• Anybody who operates farming machinery or vehicles that are not normally operated on public highways.
• Anybody who operates legally registered off-highway vehicles or snowmobiles while going straight across a highway.

The Testing Process

In order to qualify for a California Driver License, you will need to pass three tests: a vision screening, a written exam, and a driving test.

The vision screening is required to judge whether you have good enough vision to operate a motor vehicle safely. If you require corrective lenses to pass the screening, you must wear them. Your driver's license will reflect the fact that you need corrective lenses to drive. The DMV will not license applicants whose corrected vision is 20/200 or worse in the better eye. You may not use a bioptic telescopic or similar lens to meet the standards.

The next test you will need to pass is a written or audio traffic laws test. This exam will test your knowledge of California traffic laws, road signs, defensive driving techniques, and driving safety rules. The test is available in many different languages. If your language is not available, you may take the exam with the help of an interpreter. This test will find out if you know how to legally drive a motor vehicle.

The final test you will be given is a driving test. You may only take the driving test after you have passed the vision screening and knowledge test. The driving test is usually only given on an appointment only basis. You will need to bring the following items to your driving test:

• Your instruction permit, or your old license if you are renewing it.
• A licensed driver.
• A properly licensed, registered, insured, and safe vehicle.
• The examiner will check to make sure the vehicle has properly working brake lights, horn, parking brake, and signals.
• He or she will also check to see that the tires are not bald. The vehicle driver's side window must roll down, there must be two rear-view mirrors, and the windshield must be clean and unobstructed.
• The examiner will then ask you to locate the following switches: headlights, windshield wipers, defroster, and emergency flashers.
• You will need to wear your seatbelt during the entire test.
• If the vehicle does not meet the above criteria, the driving test will be postponed.

During the driving test itself, you and the examiner will be the only people in the vehicle. No animals will be allowed in the vehicle either. The examiner will ask you to do certain things. He or she will not ask you to do anything illegal or try to trick you. During the test, the examiner will be checking the following:

• Starting your vehicle, signaling when leaving the curb, using your mirrors, and turning your head.
• Control of your vehicle, using the gas and brake pedal, using two hands on the steering wheel.
• Driving in traffic, using the proper lanes, proper signaling distance, proper following distance.
• Obeying traffic signals and posted signs.
• Yielding and taking the right-of-way.
• Proper stopping -- smooth stops and emergency quick stops.
• Proper backing procedures.
• Interacting with other traffic, pedestrians, bicyclists, and other road users.
• Paying full attention to the task of driving.

After the test has concluded, the examiner will give you a score sheet and discuss with you what you did wrong. If you pass, you will be issued an interim license valid for 60 days.

In a new DMV report detailing driver safety and age correlation, an astounding conclusion has been drawn. The report shows that teens are 2.8 times more likely to be at fault in fatal crashes than the average driver. Furthermore, the DMV found that 16- year-olds were 3.7 times more likely, and 17-year-olds 2.9 times more likely, than the average driver in at-fault fatal collisions. Call it coincidence or a direct result of these facts, but all driver's license applicants under the age of 18 face some tough license restrictions.

*For the first twelve months a teen holds a license, he or she cannot transport other teenagers under 20 years old, unless accompanied by an adult (licensed driver 25 or older).

*For the first twelve months, a teen may not drive between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m., unless accompanied by an adult.

It is illegal to use a driver’s license in the following ways:

• To permit another person to use your license.
• To refuse to turn in the license after the DMV requests it.
• To use a copy of your license.
• To display any cancelled, suspended, illegally obtained, or altered license.

A person may be denied a California Driver License for many reasons which include:

• If you are not 16 years old.
• If you do not pass both the written and driving tests.
• If you have a history of alcohol or drug abuse.
• If you have a medical disorder where you are prone to lapses of consciousness.
• If you illegally used a license in the past.
• If you falsify or lie about any information on the application.
• If your record reflects a failure to appear or pay for a traffic citation.
• If you are unable to understand signals, signs or shapes.
• If you have a poor driving record with the DMV.

A. Any person cited for driving with a suspended or revoked license faces permanent license revocation, fines, vehicle impoundment and jail time.

B. Reasons a driver would be subject to a DMV re-examination or hearing would include a driver giving false information on a driver’s license application, or if the driver commits a driving violation such as driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.

C. Notification of license revocation or non-renewal.

1. When the DMV deems it proper, a driver can be notified in writing of the impending termination of his or her driving privilege. The notice shall include a definition and explanation of the action to be taken, under what grounds such action is warranted, and notification of the driver’s right to a hearing (when appropriate, the driving privilege can be suspended upon 30 days written notice.)

2. Excessive speeding or driving seen as reckless by a police officer can result in a driver’s license being suspended for a period not exceeding 30 days on first conviction, and a period not exceeding six months on third or additional convictions (Vehicle Code 13200).

3. A driver accused, convicted, or arrested for possession of narcotics or a controlled substance on his or her person is subject to driver’s license suspension or revocation (Vehicle Code 13202).

4. Specific misdemeanors and/or drug usage is cause for driver’s license suspension or revocation (Vehicle Code 13201).

5. In criminal proceedings where the defendant is charged, the court may use its discretion in recommending a trial or that an investigation be conducted to determine whether the driving privileges of that person shall be suspended or revoked.

Offenses in California include:

Infraction - Most moving violations (such as U-Turn violations or speeding violations) are infractions. There is a fine, but no jail time is associated with an infraction. Therefore, the driver has no right to a public defender or jury trial. Misdemeanor - Misdemeanors are more severe than a typical moving violation (reckless driving and evading arrest are some examples.) The driver is subject to jail time for up to one year for a particular violation and may have a jury trial and utilize a public defender if he or she cannot afford his or her own legal counsel. Felony - A DUI is an example of a driving-related offense that might become a felony. Penalties for felony offenses are imposed by a court of law, not the DMV. The driver is subject to state prison in some cases.

Specific Offenses

Below are some offenses that will result in penalties beyond a license suspension or revocation.

Racing - Law enforcement will seize for 30 days the cars of drivers who participate in speed contests, reckless driving, or display an exhibition of speed, including burning rubber or making turns at a high speed. Drivers convicted for their involvement in speed contests will be required to perform 40 hours of community service. If their driver's license is suspended as a result, they will have to provide proof of financial responsibility to reinstate their driving privileges.

Evading a Police Officer - Conviction for evasion of a police officer will lead to a jail term between 6 months and one year. However, you will face longer prison terms if any injuries or deaths occur as a result. Causing bodily injury to someone else while evading law enforcement will result in imprisonment for 3, 5 or 7 years. If someone dies as a result, you will face 4, 6 or 10 years in prison.

The Point System

A. An excessive number of points on a motor vehicle record will result in a license suspension or revocation by the state. The driver may be questioned about his or her driving habits, and the DMV will decide what license actions will be taken against the presumed negligent driver. Points are accumulated through traffic violations or collisions. Most moving violations call for one point on the motor vehicle record, with the point remaining for a period of 36 months. The point can often be kept off the record if the negligent driver completes a traffic violator program such as this one.

B. Some common one-point violations are:

• Speeding/turning violation
• Stop sign violation
• Any traffic collision where the driver is cited and deemed at fault.

C. Two-point violations typically remain on a driving record for a period of seven years. These are more serious offenses. Points for these violations may not be dismissed through completion of a traffic violator program.

Some common two-point violations include:

• Exhibition of speed
• Speed in excess of 100 miles per hour

A motor vehicle operator must be aware that speed contests are highly illegal and may result in the arrest of the driver. Road fatalities are often the result of illegal racing on public highways.

• DUI (this will remain on your record for 10 years!)
• Reckless driving
• Involvement in a hit-and-run
• Intentional disregard for the safety of others on the road
• Involvement in a speed contest

D. Violations of the Negligent Operator Treatment System (NOTS) for Class "C" Drivers

• 4 points in a 12-month period
• 6 points in a 24-month period
• 8 points in a 36-month period

E. Commercial Driver’s License Violation of NOTS

Additional points are allowed due to increased driving time on the road. Professional drivers are thus not penalized for additional time on the road due to work demands.

• 6 points in a 12-month period
• 8 points in a 24-month period
• 10 points in a 36-month period

Specific offenses will result in an automatic disqualification. A commercial driver who is convicted of a serious offense such as DUI, refusal to be tested, hit-and-run, or vehicular manslaughter, while driving any vehicle, not just a commercial vehicle, will not be permitted to drive a commercial vehicle for one year, if it is a first conviction. A second or subsequent conviction will result in the permanent disqualification of the commercial driver's license.

For commercial drivers who hold a license from another state, the DMV will report any conviction that occurred within California to that state's licensing agency.

F. Once you are deemed a Negligent Operator and your driver’s license is suspended, you are then subject to a probation period immediately after your license is reinstated. During that probationary period, subsequent traffic violations will result in additional penalties and the driver’s license may be revoked.

G. Losing the Driving Privilege

1. Suspension - definitions:

a. The license is taken away for a defined time period, after which full driving privileges are restored.

b. The driver may be required to attend a driver improvement program prior to reinstatement.

c. The driver may be asked to show proof of insurance prior to reinstatement.

2. Revocation - definitions:

a. The driver’s license is cancelled, and he or she may reapply only after the state deems the driver eligible.

b. The driver may request a hearing to argue for a restricted license rather than a revoked license.

c. A driver’s license will be revoked if the driver does not appear in court for a hearing, has a warrant for his or her arrest, or has an outstanding unpaid citation.

3. Restricted License - definitions:

a. The driver is allowed to drive only to and from work.

b. The driver is allowed to drive only periodically.

c. No further violations during the restriction period will lead to full reinstatement of driving privileges.

OVERVIEW - A driver who has received written notice regarding an impending license suspension or re-evaluation is entitled to a DMV hearing. During this hearing, the driver may refute any actions or arguments taken or presented and, upon conclusion, the director, referee, or hearing board will reach a decision and present findings and effects of said decision (hearing must be requested within 10 days.) The driver will waive his or her right to a hearing if he or she does not respond within the allotted 10 days. At any time, the driver may request a review of the orders, or the court can call for one, and have the decision reversed.

A. Lights - It is said that the eyes are a human being's window to the world. Similarly, the lights on a vehicle are its eyes and are essential to the safe operation of a motor vehicle. The following laws and requirements should be acknowledged:

1. The law requires that you turn on your headlights 30 minutes after sunset and leave them on until 30 minutes before sunrise. Additionally, headlights must be used anytime one cannot see at least 1000 feet ahead. Headlights must also be used when driving in conditions that require the continuous use of windshield wipers, such as when it rains.

2. Headlights must be on low beam when within 500 feet of an approaching vehicle or 300 feet of the vehicle you are immediately following.

3. High beams may be used only when there is no direct negative impact on any other drivers.

4. All motorcycles must be equipped with one or two headlights. Any motorcycle manufactured and first registered on or after January 1, 1978 must have headlights that activate automatically and operate whenever the engine is running.

5. Taillights need to be maintained, as they are warning mechanisms for vehicles to the rear.

6. Emergency hazards or flashers should only be utilized in distress situations to alert other drivers of a problem. These lights are the same used as brake lights, and a switch or button inside the car activates them. When activated, they flash at a regular interval until turned off. These flashing red lights should warn other drivers that you have a problem and imply that they should use extra caution around you.

7. Headlights should be used when it is cloudy, raining, snowing, foggy or when windows may be icy, making it difficult to see other cars.

8. Headlights should be used during the daytime when driving on mountain roads, country roads, through canyons or tunnels, or any time you have difficulty seeing.

9. It is illegal to drive with only your parking lights on from 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise.

10. Single beam headlights are permitted only on motor vehicles manufactured and sold prior to September 19, 1940.

11. Fog lamps are to be used along with headlights, not in their place. A vehicle may have no more than two fog lamps on the front and two red fog taillights on the rear. Fog lamps must be mounted between 12 and 30 inches from the ground. Fog taillights must be mounted between 12 and 60 inches high.

12. Secondary driving lamps may be placed on the front of a vehicle if they are mounted between 16 and 42 inches from the ground.

B. Horns - As a warning mechanism, there is nothing more effective in your vehicle. The horn should be used to warn other drivers of a potential collision or other emergency. Unfortunately, use of the horn has become a spark plug for road rage situations. Use of the horn, however, should not be feared, but used as a means to save lives.

1. The horn should be used at any time it is necessary to avoid a crash.

2. If the roadway doesn’t permit the vehicle to travel completely to the right side of the lane when approaching a curve with an unobstructed view of less than 200 feet, the driver must give audible warning to other drivers with the horn.

3. A horn should not be used to attract the attention of other drivers unless necessary to avoid collisions or for the safe operation of your vehicle.

4. When driving on a mountain road where visibility is impaired and the driver cannot see at least 200 feet ahead, the vehicle's horn should be sounded as a warning to other drivers. As a rule, the horn should only be utilized in emergency or distress situations and must be in good working order and capable of emitting sound that is audible from a distance of at least 200 feet.

NOTE: Car alarms may not sound for more than 20 minutes if the car is parked near a residence, business or school. The vehicle may be impounded if the car alarm is not turned off.

C. Brake Lights - Brake lights must be functional and properly maintained as they are an essential part of safe driving. The vehicle(s) immediately following a car needs to have ample warning of an impending stop in order to adequately slow their vehicle. Missing or inoperable brake lights often lead to rear-end collisions as the vehicles behind are unaware that the vehicle ahead is slowing. Tailgating is a major problem on the roads today, and inoperable brake lights only add to the danger. It is nearly impossible to judge whether a vehicle is slowing without warning lights. A simple periodic check of the vehicle's brake lights will prevent this problem from occurring. NOTE: Reverse or back up lights should be maintained and properly working because they increase visibility for the driver and alert other motorists and pedestrians of your intention to back up. These lights are typically white when illuminated.

D. Signaling / Turn Signals - Always signal to let other drivers know of your intention to turn or change lanes. Watch for other drivers' signals at all times. Turn signals are located next to the headlights on the front and next to the brake lights on the rear of the vehicle. Turn signals allow other drivers to see your intention to turn. To signal, simply move the lever (which is connected to the steering wheel) up for a right signal or down for a left signal. Some important tips to remember include:

• Signal before pulling toward or away from the curb.
• Signal before changing lanes.
• Always use arm signals in case other drivers cannot see your signal lamps (during daytime hours if it is very bright outside).
• Signal during the last 100 feet before turning, and on the freeway, it is best to signal at least five seconds before changing lanes.
• Signal to warn other drivers of a collision ahead.
• Use brake lights to signal your intention to stop or brake quickly.

A. A driver must yield the right-of-way to all emergency vehicles, including police cars, ambulances, fire engines and any other vehicles using a siren and red light. When an emergency vehicle approaches, your vehicle should never stop in the middle of the intersection, but instead pull over to the right side of the road as soon as possible.

B. Emergency vehicles travel quite rapidly, often moving into opposing lanes of traffic, and they alert other vehicles with horns or speakers that they are approaching. Drivers should never follow within 300 feet of an emergency vehicle traveling in an emergency situation.

C. When passing a stopped emergency vehicle, tow truck or marked Department of Transportation vehicle with its emergency lights activated, drivers must proceed with caution and change into a lane that is not adjacent to that vehicle, if practicable and legal. If it is not possible to change lanes safely, drivers must slow down to a safe speed that is reasonable and prudent for the conditions.

Emergency vehicles and emergency personnel who ride these vehicles exist for the safety of everyone. They need to be respected. Special Note...Stereo headphones should not be worn while driving and can contribute to collisions. Drivers are unable to hear emergency vehicles around them and other vehicles. Driving with headphones on is illegal and quite dangerous.

Controlling your vehicle's speed is the best way to prevent loss of control and collisions. Drivers need to be aware of legal and safe speeds at all times. Approximately 30 percent of all traffic fatalities in the United States are speed-related. The NHTSA estimates that the economic cost to society of speeding-related collisions is $40.4 billion per year. In 2008, speeding-related collisions were responsible for the loss of 11,674 lives in the United States.

A. Residential District - The speed limit in a residential district is 25 mph unless otherwise posted. Narrow streets, vehicular congestion, and pedestrians all require a reduction in speed.

B. Business District - Unless posted, the speed limit in a business district is also 25 mph. The presence of high traffic flow and vehicles exiting and entering driveways, combined with pedestrian traffic, all require slower speeds.

C. School Zone - The speed limit in a school zone with children present is 25 mph. The presence of children at play or near streets call for a dramatic reduction in vehicular speed. School zones have prominent street signs and markings calling for extreme caution and reduced speeds.

D. Blind Intersection - A blind intersection is where one cannot see for at least 100 feet in either direction during the last 100 feet before crossing. All blind intersections, except the ones controlled or protected by stop signs, yield right-of-way signs or official traffic control signals, have 15 mph speed limits.

E. Highways/Freeways - Maximum speeds on freeways are posted but are usually 65 mph. The recent change to 70 mph on some intra- and interstate highways will be posted where they apply. Two-lane, undivided highways have a maximum speed of 55 mph unless otherwise posted.

F. Railroad - The speed limit is 15 mph when one is within 100 feet of a railroad crossing and cannot see the tracks for at least 400 feet in both directions. This does not apply if a flagman is on duty or electrical or mechanical signal devices are present and clearly visible, if they do not signal the immediate approach of a train. NOTE: Special speed limits sometimes apply. Drivers should be aware that certain road conditions or factors will call for a reduction in speed often below posted limits.

G. Alleys - When driving down an alley, the speed limit is always 15 mph whether or not signs are posted or visible.

Don't get caught speeding with the flow of traffic. Drive at your chosen speed - not someone else's.

Basic Speed Law

A. The basic speed law demands that a driver never operate a motor vehicle at a speed that is unsafe for the road or too fast for conditions. This law requires that all drivers use discretion and common sense while driving and not drive at unsafe speeds. Driving 35 mph in a 35 mph zone during a severe rain storm, for example, may be a violation of the basic speed law. A determination of a safe driving speed must be made by all drivers at all times, and not just awareness of the maximum speeds allowed by law. Underlying factors that may contribute to driving conditions must be factored in when assessing a safe speed. This law exists to slow down drivers in adverse conditions, not to allow drivers to exceed safe speeds.

B. Minimum speed laws are important to ensure safe traffic flow on roadways. If you block the normal and reasonable flow of traffic by driving too slowly, you may receive a ticket. More importantly, you may be a danger on the road to vehicles traveling at higher speeds and also risk the possibility of a rear-end collision. When driving at slow speeds, you should travel in the lane furthest to the right. Additionally, if vehicles approach and appear to want to pass, you should again signal and change lanes, proceeding to the right. Not only does awareness of safe driving procedures when traveling at slow speeds reduce the risk of a traffic collision, it also helps to avoid drivers possessed by road rage. NOTE: Always be aware of slow-moving vehicles you may be approaching.

C. Designated speed limits pertain to certain types of vehicles. The following vehicles shall never drive faster than 55 mph:

• A truck with three or more axles.
• A school bus transporting students.
• A tractor trailer towing any other vehicle.
• A passenger vehicle or bus towing any other vehicle.
• A vehicle transporting explosives.
• A farm labor vehicle transporting any passengers.

D. Speeding Statistics for 2008

• The NHTSA estimates that the economic cost to society of speeding-related collisions is $40.4 billion per year.
• Speeding-related collisions were responsible for the loss of 11,674 lives in the United States.
• In California, 1,141 people lost their lives due to speeding.
• 593,000 people received minor injuries in speeding-related collisions in 2000.
• 39,000 people received serious to critical injuries in speeding-related collisions.
• Approximately 88 percent of speeding-related fatalities happened on roads that were not interstate highways.

A. U-Turns

1. A U-turn is legal at all times in an intersection unless a “No U-turn” sign is posted. Additionally, a U-turn is legal in the middle of the block in a residential district if no other vehicle is approaching within 200 feet. A U-turn in the middle of the road is not legal in a business district "except...on a divided highway where an opening or break in a divider section has provided for one," according to California's Vehicle Code Section 22102. Apartments, churches and schools would designate an area a business district, as would an area where more than 50 percent of the dwellings are businesses (retail stores, office buildings, supermarkets, etc.)

2. A U-turn is a dangerous maneuver that should be attempted only when proper consideration is given to vehicle positioning, turning radius, oncoming vehicles, and the width of the roadway. Oftentimes, a three-point turn or other turning action is preferable and more prudent than a U-turn.

B. Right Turns - Collisions commonly occur during right turns where a vehicle turns too wide and collides into an opposing vehicle making a left hand turn into its lane. Drivers in this right turn situation should complete their turn in the lane that is first accessible or the one furthest to the right. A driver may always turn right on a red light from a dead stop unless there is a sign prohibiting it, but he or she must complete the maneuver in the right or slow lane, keeping close to the curb at all times. If traffic is stopped at an intersection and the driver is several cars back, the driver may travel along the right curb in order to make a right turn, but only if it is safe to do so. If the space is set aside for parking or there is no pavement, the driver may not travel along the right. A driver may travel up to 200 feet in a bicycle lane in order to make a right turn, but he or she must yield to any bicycles using the lane. If you are in a lane that allows you to proceed with a right turn or proceed straight on the road, and the lane to your right is marked “right turn only,” you, as the driver in the left lane have the option to turn right on a red light. The driver in the “right turn only” lane, however, must proceed with the right turn after the lines dividing the lane on the left side change from broken to solid. Once the solid bold line appears, changing lanes out of the “right turn only” lane would be illegal, even if no other vehicles are present.

C. Left Turns

1. Left Turns - Left turns require extra caution as they tend to be dangerous due to conflict with oncoming vehicles traveling at high speeds, changing signals, and pedestrians utilizing the crosswalk. Limited visibility due to large vehicles, trucks or other obstructions also presents a hazard. A driver may make a left turn from one intersecting street to another intersecting street on a green light, completing the turn in the first lane accessible (usually lane 1.) If a left turn is being made at the same time another vehicle is making a right turn onto the same street, the vehicle making the right turn has the right of way. The driver may make a left turn on a red light from a one-way street to another one-way street unless otherwise posted. A vehicle making a left turn against oncoming traffic never has the right of way, unless given the right of way by a green arrow that signifies unobstructed use of the road. No matter the situation, the driver should still proceed with caution.

2. Two-Way Left Turn Lane - This lane is located in the center of busy streets and painted with solid yellow outside lines and dashed yellow lines on the inside of the lane. The driver must not enter this lane except to begin or complete a left turn, or to prepare for or make a U-turn, when the turn is permitted by law. The driver may proceed in this lane for a limited amount of time, usually not exceeding 200 feet. When the two-way left turn lane ends into a regular left turn lane, the driver may transition from the two-way lane into the regular lane and continue driving for an indefinite length of time. According to Section 21460.5 of California's Vehicle Code, drivers "may not use the two-way left turn lane except when preparing for or making a left turn from or into a highway or when preparing for or making a U-turn, when such turn is permitted by law...When a two-way left turn lane is available, a left turn or U-turn shall not be made from any other lane." The law also states that a two-way left turn lane may not be used for passing, though it does not prohibit a vehicle from being driven across a two-way left turn lane.

Examples of right and left turns (The numbers on the cars refer to the numbered sentences below.)

1. Left turn from a two-way street.
Start the turn at the left hand edge of the lane closest to the middle of the street. You may complete the turn in either lane of the cross street (as shown by arrows) if it is safe to do so. You must use a left turn lane if there is one. A left turn from the next lane may be made if signs or arrows show it is okay.

2. Right turn.
The station wagon is turning correctly. It began the turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb. It will end the turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb. Do not swing wide into another lane of traffic. You may start a right turn from other than the far right lane only where pavement or overhead markings show that using that lane for a right turn is permitted.

3. Left turn from a two-way street into a one-way street.
Start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road. You may turn into any lane that is safely open, as shown by arrows.

4. Left turn from a one-way street into a two-way street.
Start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road. The pickup truck may turn into either of the lanes that is safely open, as shown.

5. Left turn from a one-way street into a one-way street.
The turn must be started from the left-hand portion of the road. Watch for bicycle riders between your vehicle and the curb because they can legally use the left turn lane for left turns.

6. Right turn from a one-way street into a one-way street.
After starting your turn in the far right lane, you may use any lane open to traffic, if safe to do so. Sometimes signs or pavement markings will let you turn right from a lane next to the far right lane (shown by *).

7. Turn at a "T" intersection from a one-way into a two -way street.
Through traffic has the right of way. You may turn either right or left from the center lane. Watch for vehicles and bicycles inside your turn.

IMPORTANT STEPS IN MAKING A GOOD TURN:

1. Never make a last-minute decision to turn. It is dangerous to not give enough notice to other drivers.

2. Always scan the road ahead for hazards, pedestrians, bicycles, animals, etc.

3. Look behind you and to both sides to be aware of where other vehicles are before you make a turn.

4. Move into your lane as quickly as possible. Make sure you are completely in the proper lane at least a half-block before you turn.

5. Signal your intention to turn at least 100 feet before making the turn. Click the signal, then keep both hands on the steering wheel throughout the entire turn.

6. Slow down when approaching the turn, and release the brake and clutch during the turn.

7. Remain in the proper lane, and maintain the same speed when beginning a turn until it is totally completed.

8. Finish the turn in the proper lane. Then you can begin to look into changing into another lane.

D. Freeway / Highway / City Driving

1. Freeway / Highway - The increased speeds required on highways does not necessarily mean an increased danger to the driver if certain precautions are taken and certain practices are followed. When driving on open highways, it is imperative to keep clear from and be aware of slow-moving vehicles. Early awareness of vehicles moving at substantially slower speeds than the flow of traffic can help one to avoid rear-end collisions or unsafe last-minute lane changes. Excessive lane changing or driving in slower lanes for prolonged periods of time can contribute to a last-minute encounter with a slow-moving vehicle. Special notes on freeway driving:

• Obey all timed signal entrance lights to assist with merging.
• Be aware of two freeway entrance lanes merging into one (double merge lanes.)
• Carpool on-ramp lanes will be marked with a diamond symbol ( ) and the words "Carpool Lane." Signs posted at the onramp or along the freeway should be observed for usage requirements. You may not cross over double parallel solid lines to enter or exit any carpool lane except at designated entry or exit spaces. Carpool violations will result in a fine.
• Note: Some low emission and hybrid vehicles (rated at 45 mpg or higher) are now permitted to use the carpool lanes without the required number of passengers. The vehicle must display a special decal, issued by the DMV.

a. Control of Speed
(1) Never drive at an excessive speed where control of the vehicle is compromised. The vehicle should always be traveling at a speed that is prudent and feasible for conditions.

b. On-ramps / Merging
(1) Be advised that highway on-ramps are for entrance to freeways and should adequately prepare for freeway driving. Drivers should not travel at the slower speeds appropriate for city driving. Increase the vehicle speed to that of the highway traffic and use on-ramps and subsequent lanes as a means to merge into the flow of traffic at the current speed. When merging, watch vehicles ahead for sudden stops. Signal, increase speed, and merge safely into traffic, keeping the proper following distance at all times. Continue to signal until you have completely merged onto the freeway. Locate gaps in traffic to merge into and make sure not to merge too slowly or make sudden stops.

NOTE: If there is no acceleration lane, wait for a larger gap before entering and obey all yield and merge signs. Double merge lanes converge into one acceleration lane, and a timed entrance light usually helps to stagger the vehicles.

c. Exiting / Off-ramps
(1) Off-ramps are designed for slower speeds and are links to city roadways. As you enter the ramp, you should signal, reduce speed in a casual and deliberate manner, and prepare to stop, if necessary. Increases in speed should never happen on an off-ramp and is normally illegal. Exiting a highway requires reduced speed, extra caution, and heightened road awareness by the operator of the motor vehicle. Special notes on off-ramps: Exit lanes allow drivers to reduce speeds to the posted limit without affecting the freeway flow. Yield to others when necessary. If an exit is missed, simply exit the freeway at the closest off-ramp, re-enter the freeway to proceed in the opposite direction, and then go to your intended exit. No radical maneuvers should be attempted. Special care must be taken on a curved ramp -- speed should be decreased as the ramps would not be safe for freeway speeds.


(2) Lane Changing / Turn Signals / Visibility Requirements - Excessive lane changing on highways is not advisable, because it increases the chances of mishaps or crashes. When changing lanes or preparing to exit a highway, it is best to use your mirrors and look over your shoulder to check the lane you want to enter. Lane changing and turning require you to signal and give warning to others on the road that an action is imminent. You must give warning in sufficient time to others sharing the roadway prior to initiating the maneuver. There must be adequate visibility in all directions prior to the lane change and an awareness of blind spots. Change lanes only one at a time. Avoid slowing down or stopping during a lane change as this could prove to be dangerous for other drivers behind.

d. Slow-moving Vehicles
When driving on mountain roads or any road where your vehicle can impede other vehicles' use of the highway, you should use the turn-out to allow other vehicles to pass. Drivers often fail to use common courtesy in this type of situation. Turn-outs are designed for use by drivers of slow-moving vehicles (including passenger vehicles) who, after recognizing their hazard or hindrance on certain roads, pull off and allow other vehicles to pass. Section 21656 of the California Vehicle Code states that a slow-moving vehicle followed by five or more vehicles in a line must turn off the roadway at the nearest designated turnout or an area that can safely be used as a turnout. Road rage in drivers often results when others fail to demonstrate this type of common courtesy.

Special notes on freeway driving... If you subconsciously drive too fast, allow time to re-adjust to a lower speed without braking suddenly. Always be aware of the vehicle's speedometer. If you encounter a toll booth, slow down dramatically and prepare to stop. Avoid lane changing when you approach a toll booth.

2. FREEWAY EMERGENCIES / PROBLEMS - Freeway emergencies can range from the unexpected appearance of an object in your lane to a collision. Whenever emergencies arise, which is quite often, you will basically have two options. You can stop before the incident or try to steer around it. If the object is small enough to drive over without hurting your vehicle, you should reduce your speed and go over it. If it is a danger to you or your vehicle, reduce your speed quickly, check your rear-view and side mirrors to find an open lane, then steer around the object, making sure to avoid getting into a collision with any other vehicles around you. If it is impossible to steer around the object, you will have to stop quickly. Make sure you first tap your brakes so that other drivers see your warning. Then apply your brakes, and make sure to leave as much space as possible between your vehicle and the object to decrease the possibility of being rear-ended. When you have come to a stop, turn your hazard lights on. NOTE: A vehicle that is stopped, parked or left standing on a freeway (even if disabled) for more than 4 hours may be removed.

3. TOLL BOOTHS - Toll booths can be a danger to drivers on a freeway. They exist to collect fees for traveling on publicly owned roads. When you approach a toll booth, first scan the road for speed limit signs. Speeds need to be decreased as you get closer to the booth. Make sure to follow the signs for designated vehicle lanes. Some special lane signs will include: "exact change," "autos only," "trucks only," and other possibilities. Find your appropriate lane, and make sure your payment is ready before you reach the toll booth. Be cautious of other vehicles in front of you and around you that stop or change lanes at the last minute.

4. CITY DRIVING - Driving in the city requires a reduction in speed since there is more traffic and road congestion to contend with. Certain precautions to take include:

• Choose the least congested lane.
• Watch out for detours and parked cars.
• Be aware of pedestrians and bicyclists.
• Look ahead for traffic hazards and signals.

SPECIAL UPDATE ON CITY DRIVING IN CALIFORNIA: According to a 2007 study from the Texas Transportation Institute, six California urban areas rank among the country's 25 most traffic-congested regions, with the Los Angeles/Orange County area topping the list. The San Francisco/Oakland area came in as the seventh worst, and San Diego ranked thirteenth.

All of this congestion is proving to be both time-consuming and costly! Residents in the Los Angeles and Orange County regions (plus parts of Ventura County) spent the equivalent of almost one-and-a-half weeks of their lives each year sitting in traffic. Combining the hours spent idling and the cost of extra gasoline, these residents spent approximately $1,000 more throughout the year than if traffic were moving freely.

5. GRIDLOCK - In a recent study by the California Office of Traffic Safety, it was concluded that gridlock is one of California's biggest traffic problems. The following are steps all drivers can take to help reduce this growing problem:

• Avoid rubbernecking -- Rubbernecking involves slowing your vehicle down to look at extraordinary collisions or traffic situations. The slowing of your vehicle that enables you to stare at a traffic mishap may also contribute to gridlock or even an additional collision.
• Make less frequent lane changes -- Drivers seem to think that changing from one lane to another is somehow increasing their chances of bypassing bumper-to-bumper traffic. Instead, it merely increases the problem by causing more braking and slowing of other vehicles.
• Don't tailgate -- Tailgating causes collisions. Collisions cause traffic bottlenecks, and traffic bottlenecks lead to gridlock. Always leave enough room between your vehicle and the vehicle you immediately follow.
• Keep your vehicle in good working order -- Vehicle break-downs block traffic flow and directly contribute to gridlock. A simple check of your vehicle's operating condition prior to use can help avoid a potential break-down.
• Do not enter an intersection after the light has turned red or until you can completely clear the intersection prior to the light turning red -- A major problem that causes gridlock is a driver's unwillingness to grasp the concept of keeping clear of intersections. Road markings that warn drivers to keep intersections clear should be observed, as they are a deterrence to gridlock.

VIOLATIONS OF THE GRIDLOCK LAW OFTEN CALL FOR SUBSTANTIAL FINES AND PENALTIES THAT VARY FROM CITY TO CITY.

E. Intersections - An intersection is defined as the space between the four curbs of the sidewalk. When there is a signal, a vehicle may enter the intersection on a green or yellow light and proceed out of it, even if the light turns red after having entered. A gridlock situation may occur if you are entering an intersection on a green or yellow light but are unable to completely pass the intersection prior to the light turning red, thus blocking traffic. Gridlock exists when a vehicle gets stuck in an intersection at a red light, preventing opposing traffic from use of the highway. Oftentimes, a gridlock violation is a parking ticket, not a moving violation. The first line distinguishing a crosswalk marks the beginning of the intersection. Some of the most important driving decisions, such as when to cross lanes, turn, or slow down, are all made at intersections, making them prime areas for potential collisions. A marked or controlled intersection will have a traffic signal or a stop or yield sign. These signs help determine the right-of-way for drivers. Unmarked or uncontrolled intersections, usually in residential areas, call for drivers to decide who may proceed first through an intersection (typically the first vehicle approaching the intersection.) If two vehicles approach the intersection at the same time, the vehicle to the immediate right will have the right of way. Additionally, during the last 100 feet prior to reaching an uncontrolled blind intersection, a driver must slow down to 15 mph.

1. Road or Intersection without Limit or Crosswalk Lines - In this situation, the driver should use the end of a curb as a determination of where the intersection starts and where the vehicle should stop. The end of the curb would mark the beginning of the intersection on the road where the crosswalk would exist in instances where lines may not be painted.

2. Extreme caution should be exercised when approaching and proceeding through intersections. Conflicting highways, motor vehicles making left and right turns, and opposing signals all increase the crash potential at an intersection. Drivers jumping green lights can potentially conflict with drivers running red lights, leading to collisions. By law, a driver must signal his or her intention to turn when within 100 feet of the intersection. It is always best to cross intersections that are signal-controlled as opposed to those with stop signs. The speed or distance of other vehicles that may conflict with your vehicle should be determined, as well as the time required to complete the maneuver. Crossing an intersection completely takes an estimated four seconds.

3. Blind Intersections - A driver approaching a blind intersection shall do so with extreme caution. The driver shall reduce speed and yield the right of way whenever it is not safe or prudent for his or her vehicle to proceed through unobstructed. A driver reaching an intersection at the same time as another vehicle or other vehicles should yield the right of way to the vehicle traveling on a continuing highway if his or her own vehicle is on a terminating highway. A blind intersection has limited visibility and requires the speed of the vehicle to be no more than 15 mph if no signs, signals, or other traffic controls are present. The reduced speed will allow for ample time to see conflicting cars and road hazards. The driver shall proceed through and toward an uncontrolled blind intersection at a reasonably safe speed not exceeding 15 mph. Furthermore, the driver shall have visibility of at least 100 feet in all directions before attempting to pass through.

4. Lane Changing - Although not advisable, it is actually legal to change lanes in an intersection provided it is safe to do so. Conflict with other vehicles or causing other vehicles to change lanes would typically constitute an illegal or unsafe maneuver.

5. Roads with Limit Lines - The driver shall stop behind a limit line at an intersection or street controlled by a traffic light and only proceed when the light changes. At a street or intersection with a stop sign, the driver shall stop behind the limit line, then proceed out into the intersection at a cautious speed to start a turn or other maneuver.

F. Crosswalks

1. A crosswalk is defined as any portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface. Crosswalks may be marked or unmarked and are located at the corner of each intersection, unless the intersection is marked with a single white limit line and posted with “NO PED XING.” Crosswalks require extra awareness and caution by the driver, as conflicts with pedestrians can lead to tragedy. At a typical intersection, there are usually four pedestrian crosswalks, unless it is otherwise marked with “NO PED XING” signs. At a “T” intersection, there are usually three crosswalks, unless otherwise marked. At all times, a car must yield to a pedestrian in either a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Pedestrians always have the right-of-way, even if crossing illegally.

G. Lanes, Lines and Curb Markings

1. Double Yellows - Double yellow lines dividing a highway signify “no passing” and may only be crossed for a left turn maneuver. These lines are typically four inches in width and spaced three inches apart. They divide traffic in opposing directions, and in total measure only 11 inches wide.

2. Single Broken Yellow and White Lines - A single broken yellow line shows traffic flowing in two (opposing) directions, while a single broken white line signifies traffic flowing in two lanes in the same direction. The single broken line is most frequently seen on a two-lane rural roadway.

3. Curb Markings - The color of a curb dictates whether a driver may stop, stand, or park at the curb. You should be aware of the following:

GREEN You may only park there for a limited amount of time. The time is usually displayed on the curb or on a nearby sign. WHITE You are only allowed to stop at the curb to pick up or drop off passengers or mail. YELLOW You are only allowed to stay near the curb long enough to load or unload passengers or cargo. RED You may never stop at this curb. BLUE You may only park at this curb if you have a specially assigned placard or license designating you as disabled.

4. Railroad Crossings - Preceding railroad crossings are railroad markings calling for a reduction in speed and extra caution. Stop signs, crossing gates, and flashers are all present.

H. Traffic Signs and Control Lights

1. Yellow/Warning signs - These signs warn of an upcoming hazard or change in road conditions and do not refer to present conditions. They are yellow in color and diamond shaped. Yellow warning signs mean you should slow down and beware of extraordinary situations.

2. Stop signs - A stop sign requires that the driver make a full stop prior to entering a crosswalk or an intersection. The driver must stop before the white limit line that is normally displayed or painted on the streets, or if a limit line is not present, prior to the corner. This sign is in the shape of an octagon and is red and white in color. It is wise to check for pedestrians or unexpected traffic before proceeding forward. The driver should stop completely to obey the law and yield to opposing traffic. Make sure it is safe to pull away from a stop sign no matter how long you may need to wait prior to proceeding. An intersection (of any kind) is the most dangerous place on the roads, so obeying stop signs is vital to help prevent cross traffic collisions.

3. Yield signs - These signs require the driver to slow down and allow traffic, bicycle riders, or pedestrians to pass before proceeding. This sign is in the shape of a triangle. The yield sign is a signal to slow down, prepare to stop if necessary, and let other vehicles proceed first. A driver must not forcibly merge his or her vehicle into traffic if a yield sign is present and other vehicles have the right-of-way.

4. Merge signs - These signs warn the driver that the lane in which he or she is driving will be merging into another, requiring extra caution and the possibility of a speed reduction or increase. Merge signs call for extra courtesy to those who will be merging into your lane. This sign is in the shape of a diamond (as are all other warning signs.)

5. Regulatory signs - These signs instruct a driver of actions that must be obeyed immediately. Many of these signs call for an immediate slowing of the vehicle and heightened awareness of upcoming obstructions. Most of these signs are white and black (and sometimes red) in color.

6. Do Not Enter - This sign warns that entrance onto this roadway will be directly in conflict with oncoming traffic. If you ignore these signs, you will be driving the wrong way.

7. Construction Signs - These signs are normally orange in color and warn of a construction or maintenance area. Be prepared for workers as well as slow-moving equipment.

8. Motorist Services - These signs are blue in color and alert drivers to service areas such as rest stops.

9. Recreational Signs - These brown signs alert drivers to areas of public recreation and possible cultural interest.

Remember, these shapes always tell you the following:

Octagon = Stop
Triangle = Yield
Horizontal Rectangle = Information or Guidance
Pennant = No Passing
Diamond = Warning
Round = Railroad Crossing
Pentagon = School
Vertical Rectangle = Regulatory

Control lights (signals) are in place to alert motorists of actions on the road that may or may not be permissible. The following are some more common control lights and their meanings:

1. Red - A driver must make a complete stop at a red light. A red light calls for an immediate stopping of a vehicle, as it would no longer have the right-of-way (A right turn, or left turn from a one-way street onto another one-way street, may be initiated on a red light if there are no signs prohibiting the turn, but a driver must first yield to pedestrians and other vehicles. However, it is always illegal to turn if there is a sign displaying "no turn on red").

2. Flashing Red - A flashing red light has the same meaning as a stop sign. A driver must make a complete stop and then may proceed when it is safe to do so. It is important to observe the right-of-way rules.

3.Yellow

- A yellow light warns that a red light is imminent. A yellow light does not call for a speed increase or reduction, but requires extra caution and awareness. Many factors must be considered when a decision is made to proceed or not on a yellow light. Vehicle speed, the speed of other vehicles, and the density of traffic, among others, must be factored into your decision.

4. Green - A green light allows a driver to proceed, yet requires an awareness of all other vehicles and pedestrians on the road (a driver should never proceed, despite a green light, unless it is safe to do so. When making a left turn on a green light, you must ensure that there is enough time and space to complete the turn prior to conflict with other vehicles or road hazards.)

5. Red Arrow - A red arrow is essentially a red light signifying that a turn may not be made against the red arrow. The light must turn green, or a green arrow must illuminate, before you may proceed. This arrow normally only alerts drivers in the left or right turn lanes.

6. Green Arrow - The green arrow allows you to make a turn and assumes you have unobstructed use of the highway. There should be an awareness, however, of oncoming vehicles, bicycles or pedestrians. There should be no presumption of right-of-way based solely on the green arrow.

NOTE: DURING A TRAFFIC SIGNAL BLACKOUT, YOU MUST ALWAYS MAKE A COMPLETE STOP AT THE SIGNAL OR INTERSECTION, HAVE HEIGHTENED AWARENESS OF OTHER VEHICLES ON THE ROAD, AND YIELD WHEN NECESSARY.

SPECIAL NOTE ON SCHOOL BUSES: You must come to a complete stop when you approach a stopped school bus with its red lights flashing, regardless of the direction in which you were traveling, and you must remain stopped until the red flashing lights are off. If you fail to do so, you may be fined up to $1,000. You never know when children may dart from the bus across the street, perhaps in front of you. The only exceptions are when you are traveling in the opposite direction on a divided road with a raised or painted divider OR on a multi-lane highway with two or more lanes of travel in each direction. However, when a school bus stops at a school crossing, all traffic must stop. Do not proceed until the lights have been turned off.

Parking seems simple enough. Many people think that there can't possibly be a way to do this maneuver illegally or recklessly, but there is! Drivers are responsible to make sure that their vehicles do not become hazards after they have been parked. When you park your vehicle, you must be sure it is far enough away from any travel lane to avoid interfering with traffic, and it must be visible to vehicles approaching from either direction. Proper parking procedures listed below should be followed to avoid a collision with other vehicles:

• Park always in a designated area.
• On a one-way street, you can normally park on either the left or right side of the road.
• Always set the parking brake when you park. If the vehicle has an automatic transmission, leave it in park. If it is a manual transmission, leave it in gear.
• If possible, get out of the vehicle on the curbside. If you must use the street side, check the traffic before you open the door.
• Never leave your ignition keys in a parked car.
• Always lock your door if the car will be out of your sight for even a second.
• Park your vehicle as far from traffic as possible. If there is a curb, park as close to it as you can.
• When parking alongside a curb, the front and back wheels nearest the curb must be parallel within 18 inches of the curb.
• When parking on a hill, turn your vehicle sharply towards the curb.

Many vehicles in a parking lot are damaged by other drivers who do not leave a note of any kind. People often drive too fast or try to fit into spaces too small for their vehicles. If you do hit another vehicle while parking, remember that you MUST leave a note in a conspicuous place such as the windshield if the owner is not present, and you also must contact the police. You may be charged with a misdemeanor if you cause damage to the other vehicle without reporting it.

Following are some other things to consider when parking your vehicle.

1. No Parking Areas

There are as many areas that you cannot park in as places where you can. You should always check for signs that prohibit or limit parking. The following is a list of places where you may not park:

• In an intersection.
• On a crosswalk or sidewalk.
• In front of or blocking a driveway.
• On the left side of a two-way street.
• On a freeway (unless specifically permitted or required by a police officer), unless it is an emergency.
• At a red curb.
• On a bridge.
• Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant.
• In the normal traffic flow while creating a hazard to other drivers.
• With your vehicle facing against traffic.

2. Disabled Parking

You may only use a disabled parking space if:

• Your vehicle displays a disabled person's placard or license plates.
• A physically disabled person is in the motor vehicle when it is parked.
• A physically disabled person is being dropped off or picked up.

It is illegal to use a disabled person's placard if that person is not in the vehicle. You can be fined $250 to $1000 and/or jailed for up to six months if convicted of using someone's placard illegally.

3. Parking Methods

There are several parking methods, and each requires an awareness of space, steering techniques and vehicle control. Parking should be attempted cautiously, while trying not to hit or bump other cars in front or behind you. The three different parking methods include: angled, perpendicular and parallel.

a. Angled Parking

Many parking spaces are placed at an angle, making it more difficult to properly position your vehicle to safely pull into the space. Proper parking procedures listed below should be followed to avoid a collision with other vehicles:

• Signal your intention to turn.
• Leave approximately five feet from the parked cars surrounding the space.
• Pull forward until you can see down the side of the car parked before the space and then turn into the space sharply. Drive slowly (under five mph) while moving into the space.
• Straighten your wheels and pull forward until you have come up to the cement stop, parking line, or at an even line with the other parked cars.

b. Perpendicular Parking

These parking spaces are placed at a 90 degree angle to the curb. These spaces are more difficult to maneuver because it is often difficult to see the vehicles and road ahead. There is very little room to maneuver the vehicle at that great of an angle. The following steps may help to reduce any risk of collision:

• Signal your intention to turn.
• Remain approximately seven feet away from the parked cars around the space.
• When your front bumper lines up to the left side of the car just to the right of the space, begin to turn slowly (under five mph) and then sharply into the space. Make sure to check for adequate space on both sides of your car and keep aware of the proximity of your right rear fender.
• Straighten your wheels and pull forward until you have come up to the cement stop barrier or are at an even line with the other parked cars.

c. Parallel Parking

Parallel parking is usually done along the side of city or residential streets. The space should be approximately five feet longer than the length of your car. Even with a larger space than suggested, it still takes practice to become good at parallel parking. Typical parallel spaces are approximately 25 feet long. Some steps to follow include:

• Signal your intention to turn.
• Check the traffic around you and then brake until you stop parallel with the car in front of the space. Make sure to leave approximately three feet between your car and the parked cars next to you.
• Shift your car into reverse and steer sharply towards the curb or space you are entering. When the center of your car (the door post area) is even with the rear bumper of the car in front of the space, start to straighten your wheels until your front bumper is lined up with the other car’s rear bumper.
• Continue backing while turning your wheels to the left and stop before hitting your wheels to the bumper of the car behind the space.
• Drive forward slowly to center your car in the space. You may need to move your car forward and then backwards several times to correctly position in the space.

4. Parking on a Hill

How you park on a hill or grade depends on where your vehicle is faced. It will also depend on whether there is a curb you can park by or not. It is important to remember to always set your parking brake when parking, especially on a hill. Otherwise, it’d roll away! When parking, leave your vehicle in gear, or if your vehicle has an automatic transmission, use the “parking” position.

a. Downhill - When parking with your vehicle faced downhill, turn your front wheels toward the side of the road into the curb. Set your parking brake.

b. Uphill - When parking with your vehicle faced uphill, turn your front wheels away from the curb and away from the side of the road. Let your vehicle roll back slowly until the back of one front wheel gently touches the curb. Set your parking brake.

 c. Sloping driveway - Turn your wheels so that the car will not roll into the street should the brakes fail. Also set your parking brake.

 d. If there is NO curb, turn the wheels toward the side of the road so the car will roll away from the center of the road in case the brakes fail. Then set your parking brake.

K. Bicycle and Motorcycle Safety

1. Bicycles - A bicycle can legally ride in a traffic lane on the road provided it can keep up with the flow of regular vehicular traffic. A vehicle, however, can only cross into a bicycle lane when making a right turn. A vehicle may not be driven in the bicycle lane except within the last 200 feet before the intersection where the right turn will be made. Motor vehicles may not be in a bicycle lane unless entering or leaving the highway, preparing to turn, or parking where parking is permitted. Bicycles typically ride near the right curb of the road, but may move into the lane to the left to pass other bicycles or vehicles or to avoid hitting another object. Special care and extra space needs should be observed when driving near a bicycle because they can be hard to see.

California law requires all persons under 18 to wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet while using a bicycle, non-motorized scooter or skateboard, or in-line or roller skates. This law also applies to passengers riding upon a bicycle, non-motorized scooter, or skateboard.

Safety Tips For Bicyclists

• Learn and obey all the same rules of the road you would practice if driving a motor vehicle.
• Be alert, and always look out for obstacles and vehicles.
• Whenever possible, avoid riding a bike at night.
• Be aware of your position on the road as well as traffic around you.
• Always check your brakes before riding, and keep your bicycle in proper working order.
• Bike with the flow of traffic, not against it.
• Always protect your head by wearing a helmet.
• Have a presence on the road -- ensure that you are seen by other drivers.

Important safety statistics

• Over 70 percent of crashes involving cars with bicycles occur in driveways or intersections.
• Bicycle helmets can reduce head injuries by 85 percent.
• Approximately 2 percent of all fatal traffic collisions are bicycle-related.
• In 2008, 716 bicyclists were killed, and an additional 52,000 were injured in traffic crashes.
• About one-eighth of the bicyclists killed in traffic crashes in 2008 were between the ages of 5 and 15.
• In 2008, 109 bicyclists were killed in California due to traffic crashes.

2. Motorcycles - Motorcycles are involved in a high number of traffic collisions due in large part to their "invisibility" on the road. A vehicle's side mirrors are important tools that enable a motorist to see motorcycles and reduce the number of these collisions. Motorcycles must obey the same driving laws as all other vehicles. Motorcycle training classes are available through the California Highway Patrol.

a. By law, a motorcyclist must wear a helmet or protective headgear while riding on public highways, and it is recommended they wear boots and gloves as well.

b. REMEMBER...Motorcycles must be given extra attention while on the road because they can be hard to see. Extra room must be left for the motorcycle when the rider is making turns, and allowances should be given for any lane changing, positioning, and increases in speed.

c. Motorcycle Statistics for 2008:

• There were 5,290 motorcyclist fatalities nationally, which accounted for 14 percent of all traffic fatalities for the year.
• There were 96,000 motorcyclists injured in the United States.
• In California, there were 537 motorcyclist fatalities.
• 35 percent of all motorcycle drivers involved in fatal collisions were speeding.
• 59 percent of fatally injured motorcycle drivers and 49 percent of fatally injured passengers were not wearing helmets.
• 25 percent of fatally injured motorcycle drivers were operating a motorcycle without being properly licensed.
• The NHTSA estimates that helmets saved the lives of 1,829 motorcyclists in 2008.

d. A study conducted by Harry Hurt at the University of Southern California, called “Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures,” found the following:

• Approximately three-fourths of the motorcycle crashes studied involved a collision with another vehicle.
• Approximately one-fourth of the motorcycle collisions studied involved a collision with the roadway or a fixed object in the environment.
• 2 percent of the crashes studied involved some sort of roadway defect (potholes, cracks, pavement ridges, etc.).
• 1 percent of the collisions studied involved an animal.
• In two-thirds of the collisions that involved another vehicle, the driver of the other vehicle was at fault by violating the motorcycle's right of way.
• Weather conditions were only a factor in about two percent of the motorcycle crashes.
• 92 percent of the motorcycle accidents studied involved motorcycle riders who were self-taught or learned from family or friends.
• Injury severity increases with speed, alcohol involvement, and motorcycle size.
• In the motorcycle accidents studied, less than 10 percent of the riders had insurance to cover medical care or to replace property.

e. The use of a safety helmet while riding a motorcycle has proven to greatly reduce your risk of serious injury when involved in a crash.

f. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration suggests the following safe driving tips that can be used to safely share the road with motorcyclists:

• Respect the motorcyclist -- Remember, motorcycles are vehicles with all the privileges of any other vehicle on the road. Give the motorcyclist a full lane of travel.
• Look out -- Watch for motorcycles on the highway, at intersections, and when they make left turns or lane changes.
• Anticipate a motorcyclist's maneuver -- Obstructions that you may ignore, such as debris or potholes, can be deadly for a motorcyclist. Anticipate evasive actions taken by motorcyclists.
• Allow plenty of space -- Don't follow a motorcycle too closely. Allow enough room for the motorcyclist to take evasive actions.

g. The following are tips from the NHTSA for the motorcyclist:

• Wear protective clothing -- The most important factor in reducing injury is personal protection. Leather jackets, gloves, long pants, proper footwear, eye protection, and helmets provide this personal protection.
• Ride where you can be seen -- Make sure you can be seen by drivers around you. Never ride in another driver's blind spot.
• Drive defensively -- Always watch out for others around you.
• Leave a buffer zone -- Give yourself extra space in your lane for emergency braking situations or other avoidance maneuvers.
• Single lanes -- Never share a lane with a car. A driver may not expect you to be there and may not be aware of your presence. Most drivers are looking for vehicles, not motorcycles.
• Use signals -- Always clearly signal your intentions to other drivers. Signal before changing lanes, make your lane move gradually, and never weave between lanes.
• Maintain your motorcycle -- Make sure your motorcycle is in good condition. Have your motorcycle inspected to ensure it is in good mechanical condition.
• Light-colored clothing -- Wear fluorescent or light colors during the day and reflective materials in the evening and at night. Remember, See and Be Seen!